化学化工类专业英语15.pptVIP

* * The brain, neurotransmission and molecular neurotransmitters Unit 15 Introduction Neurotransmitters also known as chemical messengers, are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another target neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Their exact numbers are unknown but more than 100 chemical messengers have been identified. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps to convert them. Types of molecular neurotransmitters  Amino acids Gasotransmitters Monoamines Trace amines Peptides Purines acetylcholine vasopressin Diseases and disorders Parkinsons disease: a disorder that affects a persons ability to move as they want to, resulting in stiffness, tremors or shaking, and other symptoms. Alzheimer’s diseases: a chronic neurodegen erative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time.The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events (short-term memory loss). Vocabulary glial cell 神经胶质细胞 soma [so?m?] n.身体，肉体，人体细胞 axon [??ksɑ:n] n.（神经的）轴突 termini [t?:m?na?] n.目的地，界标 synaptic knobs 突触小体 dendrite [?d?n?dra?t] n.?树突;?无圈曲线 sheath [?iθ] n.护套;?鞘;?叶鞘 myelin [?ma??l?n] n.髓磷脂 neurotransmission 神经传递 Vocabulary cognate receptor 同源受体 ion channel 离子通道 reuptake [ri:?p?te?k] n. 再吸收，再摄取 acetylcholine [??s?t?lko?li:n] n.乙酰胆碱 myasthenia gravis假麻痹性重症肌无力 dementia [d??m?n??] 痴呆 monoamine n. 单胺 dopamine [do?p?mi:n] n. 多巴胺 epinephrine [?ep?nefr?n] n.肾上腺素 norepinephrine [?n?:ep?nefr?n] .n. 降肾上腺素 Vocabulary serotonin [?ser??