医学免疫学课件Mucosal Immunity 2015.ppt

* 免疫系统的区域化： （1）系统免疫 （2）皮肤免疫 (3) 粘膜免疫 （4）体腔免疫（腹腔和胸腔） Immune response initiated within each compartment remain largely confined to that compartment. Effector T cells express a repertoire of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors that confer tissue specific homing properties that confine them to the compartment in which they first met antigen as na?ve cells. The mucosal surfaces are thin and permeable barriers to the interior of the body because of their physiological activities in gas exchange (the lungs), food absorption (the gut), sensory activities (eyes, nose, mouth, and throat), and reproduction (uterus and vaginal). The necessity for permeability of the surface lining these sites creats obvious vulnerability to infection. We each harbor more than 400 species of commensal bacteria, which are present in large numbers in the colon and ileum. Despite the fact that these bacteria collectively weign about 1 kg and outnumber us by approximately 1014 to 1 (or 10 to 1 in terms of numbers of cells, because there are about 1013 cells in the human body), for most of the time we cohabit with our intestinal bacterial flora in a happy symbiotic relationship. Palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil adenoid Waldeyer’s ring 咽喉部是进入消化道和呼吸道的门户，此处由腭扁桃体、舌扁桃体和腺体共同组成一个淋巴性咽环，即Waldeyer氏环（图14-1A），对于保护消化道和呼吸道的入口具有重要作用。由于儿童反复感染，扁桃体增大，过去常用手术摘除，现证实扁桃体摘除的个体对口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗的IgA应答能力降低。 * cartilage * dome * * afferent * Intimate discrete adj. 离散的，不连续的 * Intimate discrete 肠道杯形细胞分泌粘液，形成一个厚凝胶状的粘液层（主要由粘液素糖蛋白和三叶肽组成）覆盖在肠胃上皮细胞表面，使肠道微生物难以接近肠上皮细胞 （图14-2A）；有人证实结肠的粘液分为两层，外层可被洗脱，寄生大量共生菌；而内层则牢固地粘附在粘膜上皮表面，且粘滞度高，基本处于无菌状态。外粘液层不但是共生菌的栖生地，而且还向共生菌提供丰富的营养；而内层粘液则主要形成物理屏障将共生菌与粘膜隔开。此外，病原体也可被捕获在粘液层中，随肠蠕动或呼吸道的纤毛运动而被排除，如果粘液分泌缺陷或抑制纤毛运动，见于遗传性囊肿性纤维化，常伴有肺部感染；此外，粘液层还可作为分泌型IgA的储存库。 * 左侧电镜图与右侧示意图相对应，显示上皮细胞间的连接复合体，包括紧密连接、粘附连接与桥粒。在微绒毛底部，相邻上皮细胞膜在紧密连接处似乎融合，此处为claudin和胞质紧密粘连蛋白1等分子与F-actin相互作用所形成的紧密连接；E钙粘素、环连素蛋白和F-actin相互作用形成粘附连接；在粘附连接下面的桥粒由桥粒芯蛋白、桥粒胶蛋白等分子与角质蛋白组成。 粘膜上皮细胞与细胞之间的紧密连接共同形成物理屏障，即上皮细胞之间由顶部连接复合体（Apical junctional complex）形成的紧密