计算机组成与结构：chapter3 A Top-Level View Of Computer Function.pptVIP

3.1 Computer components Review Three key concepts in von Neuman architecture Data and instruction are stored in a single read-write memory The contents of the memory are addressed by location Execution occurs in a sequential fashion Ch.3-3.1 Programming in hardware and software Ch.3-3.1 Ch.3-3.1 Main Components the Central Processing Unit-CPU Input/output---I/O Main memory System bus 3.2 Computer Function Basic function of a computer is executing program (a sequence of instructions), to complete special tasks CPU is a component of executing instruction The CPU time of processing an instruction is called Instruction Cycle An execution of instruction can be simply viewed as two steps: Fetch instruction - Fetch cycle execute instruction - Execute cycle Ch.3-3.2 Instruction Cycle Fetch Execute Ch.3-3.2 Fetch Cycle Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC Increment PC Unless told otherwise Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR) Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions Ch.3-3.2 Operations in Execute Cycle Processor-memory data transfer between CPU and main memory Processor- I/O Data transfer between CPU and I/O module Data processing Some arithmetic or logical operation on data Control Alteration of sequence of operations e.g. jump Combination of above Ch.3-3.2 Ch.3-3.2 Flow of an Instruction Instruction address calculation Instruction fetch Instruction operation decoding operand address calculation Operand fetch Data operation Operand storage Ch.3-3.2 Ch.3-3.2 Interrupts Def.：a mechanism allowing other module to break CPU executing sequence The objective of interrupts to improve the utility of the CPU to allow CPU to process urgent events Ch.3-3.2 Types of interruption Program e.g. overflow, division by zero，illegal instruction， outside reference Timer Generated by internal processor timer Used in pre-emptive multi-tasking? I/O from I/O controller Hardware failure e.g. memory parity error Ch.3-