计算机组成与结构：chapter4 Cache Memory.pptVIP

4.1 Overview of memory Key characteristics of memory systems Location: Processor, Internal, External, Offline Capacity: word length, number of words Unit of transfer: word, block Access method: sequential, direct, random, associative Performance: access time, access cycle, bandwidth Physical type: semiconductor, magnetic, optical, magneto-optical Physical characteristics: volatile/nonvolatile, erasable/nonerasable Organisation: how to form bits to words Ch.4-4.1 Classification based on location： Internal motherboard, including inside CPU External motherboard offline Ch.4-4.1 Capacity Word size Internal memory: in words or bytes. 8bit, 16bit,32bit; External memory: in bytes Number of words How many words or Bytes Ch.4-4.1 Unit of Transfer Internal Usually governed by data bus width External Usually a block which is much larger than a word Addressable unit Smallest location which can be uniquely addressed Normally, it is word Allowing byte Address length addressable unit： Ch.4-4.1 Access Methods Sequential Start at the beginning and read through in order Access time depends on location of data and previous location e.g. tape Direct Individual blocks have unique address Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential search Access time depends on location and previous location e.g. disk, optic disk Ch.4-4.1 Random: address-based access Individual addresses identify locations exactly Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. DRAM Associative: comparing part of content to access, a kind of random access Data is located by a comparison with contents of a portion of address for all the words Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. cache Ch.4-4.1 Performance Factors of Memory Access time: the time of getting data out of memory. Different memory has different access time. For random access memory, access time is from the instant the address presented to memory to the instant of the data on the bus. Memory cycle time