《无机化学》课件-166_chapter19-group13elements-lecture1.pptVIP

Chapter 19 group 13 elements Boron is the only nonmetal in the group. Aluminium is the most abundant Group 13 element.19-1 introduction The elements of Group 13 show a wide variation in abundance in crustal rocks, the oceans, and the atmosphere.Aluminium is abundant but the low cosmic and terrestrial abundanceof boron, like that of lithium and beryllium, reflects how the light elements are sidestepped in nucleosynthesis.Boron occurs naturally as borax, Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O, and kernite, Na2B4O5(OH)4.2H2O, from which the impure element is obtained. Gallium oxide occurs as an impurity in bauxite and is normally recovered as a byproduct of the manufacture of aluminium.Indium and thallium occur in trace amounts in many minerals.19-1 introduction 19-1 introduction 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements 19-2 group 13 elements ALUMINIUMPhysical properties:? Moderately hard high melting solid; mpt 661oC; bpt 2467oC;? good conductor heat/electricity. Group, electron configuration (and oxidation states):? Gp3; e.c.?2,8,3 or?1s22s22p63s23p1; ?(+3 only) e.g. Al2O3 and AlCl3. Reaction of element with oxygen:? Reacts when heated strongly in air to form a white powder of aluminium oxide which has a giant ionic structure, (Al3+)2(O2-)3. 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) == 2Al2O3(s)?? The above reaction occurs very rapidly on a freshly cut aluminium surface, but the microscopic oxide layer inhibits any further reaction, giving aluminium a lower reactivity than expected, and its excellent anti-corrosion properties. Reaction of oxide with water: Insoluble, no reaction but it is an amphoteric oxide and forms salts with both acids and alkali. Gallium has a few notable characteristics which are summarized below:???? In its solid phase, Gallium is blue-grey in color???? It melts in temperatures warmer than room temperature; there