《无机化学》课件-144_Chapter15-group17elements-lecture2.pptVIP

15-2 Halogens The Group 17 elements are known as the halogens.? All are non-metals.? The elements exist as diatomic molecules, X2. Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.? Fluorine is the most electronegative element, and forms compounds only in the –1 oxidation state. For the other halogens the oxidation states up to +7 are also observed.? Going down the group, the elements become less oxidizing.? Astatine is radioactive, with the longest lived isotope having a half life of only several hours.? The X2 bond dissociation enthalpies generally decrease going down the group, but the value for F2 is anomalously low due to a high degree of electron–electron repulsion.15-2 Halogens 15-2 Group 17 Halogens Fluorine is a pale yellow gas that reacts with most inorganic and organic molecules and the noble gases. Consequently, it is very difficult to handle but it can be stored in steel or monel metal as these alloys form a passivating metal fluoride surface film. Chlorine is a green–yellow toxic gas. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature and pressure and is dark red, toxic, and volatile.Iodine is a purple–grey solid that sublimes to a violet vapour. The violet colour persists when it is dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as CCl4. However, in polar solvents it dissolves to give red–brown solutions. 15-2 Group 17 Halogens The halogens are so reactive that they are found naturally only as compounds. They occur mainly as halides, but the most easily oxidized element. I, is also found as sodium or potassium iodate, KIO3, in alkali metal nitrate deposits. Because many chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble, these anions occur in the oceans and in brines. Theprimary source of F is calcium fluoride, which has low solubility in water and is often found in sedimentary deposits (as fluorite, CaF2). Chlorine occurs as sodium chloride in rock salt. Bromine is obtained by the displacement of the ele