Biomarkers as Key Contributors in Treating Malignant Melanoma Metastases英文文献资料.docVIP

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Biomarkers as Key Contributors in Treating Malignant Melanoma Metastases英文文献资料.doc

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Biomarkers as Key Contributors in Treating Malignant Melanoma Metastases英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation DermatologyResearchandPractice Volume2012,ArticleID156068,14pages doi:10.1155/2012/156068 ReviewArticle BiomarkersasKeyContributorsinTreatingMalignant MelanomaMetastases CamilaFerreiradeSouza,AliceSantanaMorais,andMiriamGalvonasJasiulionis PharmacologyDepartment,FederalUniversityofS?aoPaulo,04039-032S?aoPaulo,SP,Brazil CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoMiriamGalvonasJasiulionis,mjasiulionis@ Received12May2011;Accepted17August2011 AcademicEditor:G′eraldE.Pi′erard Copyright?2012CamilaFerreiradeSouzaetal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkis properlycited. Melanomaisahumanneurocristopathyassociatedwithdevelopmentaldefectsintheneuralcrest-derivedepidermalmelanocytes. Atthepresenttime,atleastthreehypotheseswereidenti?edthatmayexplainmelanomaaetiology,asfollows:(1)amodeloflinear progressionfromdi?erentiatedmelanocytestometastaticcancercells(2)amodelinvolvingtheappearanceofmelanomastem- likecells,and(3)anepigeneticprogenitormodelofcancer.Treatingmetastaticmelanomaisoneofthemostseriouschallenges inthe21stcentury.Thisisjusti?edbecauseofasubpopulationofcellspresentingaremarkablemolecularheterogeneity,whichis abletoexplainthedrugresistanceandthegrowingmortalityratesworldwide.Fortunately,therearenowevidencessustainingthe importanceofgenetic,epigenetic,andmetabolomicalterationsasbiomarkersforclassi?cation,staging,andbettermanagement ofmelanomapatients.Toillustratesomefascinatinginsightsinthis?eld,thegenesBRAF V600E andCTLA4havebeenrecognized asbona?detargetstobene?tmelanomapatients.Ourresearchattemptstocarefullyevaluatedatafromtheliteratureinorderto highlightthelinkbetweenamoleculardiseasemodelandthekeycontributionofbiomarkersintreatingmalignantmelanoma metastases. 1.Introduction theyobserved?veanatomiclevelsofinvasion(Clark’slevels I–V),basedonextracellularmatrixarchitecture,asfollows: levelI(tumorcell