罗尔斯正义理论之差别原则初探-马克思主义哲学专业毕业论文.docxVIP

摘 摘 要 约翰·罗尔斯是当代最杰出的政治哲学和伦理学家。他的正义理论建立在对传统功利主 义批判的基础上。罗尔斯指出正义的主题是社会的基本结构——椰用来分配公民的基本权利 和义务，划分由社会合作产生的利益和负担的主要制度．正义是社会制度的首要价值．一个 秩序良好的社会应该是由正义观念所支配的社会．罗尔斯认为作为公平的正义的一般观念是 所有的社会的基本善一自由与机会、收入与财富、自尊的基础一都必须平等地分配，除 非对某些基本善的不平等分配有利于最少受惠者。这个一般的正义观又可以进一步分解为两 个正义原则。正义原则是确立社会基本结构应遵循的道德原则，支配着对制度的所有随后的 批评和改造．正义原则通过调节主要的社会制度，尽量解决社会的不公平问题，这就是罗尔 斯正义理论的目的所在。 作为正义两原则之一的差别原则，是罗尔斯正义理论的中心，也是讨论的热点，具有很 大的争议性，全面准确地理解差别原则是把握罗尔斯正义理论的关键。本文把差别原则置放 在罗尔斯正义理论的整体背景和框架下，从追溯罗尔斯正义理论产生的背景及其主要内容入 手，分析了差别原则的推出，内容，论证，引发的批评及罗尔斯对批评的回应，在此基础上， 对差别原则做出了审慎的评价． 关键词：罗尔斯正义理论差别原则公正再分配 AbstractJohn Abstract John Pawls is the most dis血嘶shcd moral and political philosopher of our age． His theory of justice is based OH his critique oftradifioual utilitarianism．Rawls po缸 out the subject ofjustice is the principal institution USed tO distribute the fundamental civil rights and obligation，to divide the interests and burdens generated from social cooperation．Justice is the primary value of social institution．A well-ordered society is regulated by conception of justice．Pawls believes the general conception liberty and opportunity,inComc：and wealth．and bases of self-respeet—are tO bc distfibuted equally unless all unequally distribution of any goods is to the advantage of the least favored．The general conception of jusfice can be furthcr broken up into two principles ofjustice．Principles ofjustice is the moral principle to be followed in establishing the basic structure of society,and dominate the subsequent and amendment of institution．Rawls’theory ofjustice is aimed at solving the problem of injustice in society through adjustment ofprincipal social institution． As one of也e tWO prineiples of jusfice，the rule of difference is the centre of Rawls’theory of jusfice．It is very contentiously and has been discussed fierily． Understanding the rule of difference comprehensively and exactly is the key to grasp Pawls‘theory of{ustice．The也esis put the rule of difference into the background of Pawls’theory of justice and begins fr