分子生物学-16-疾病与人类健康.ppt

* * * The size of the HIV genome is similar to that of other retroviruses but it is more complex. There is no oncogene but there are extra open reading frames which do code for protein. In all 15 proteins are encoded in HIV and they are made because antibodies to them can be found in patients. These extra open reading frames are not typical of retroviruses such as RSV. These extra open reading frames give a clue to the complex lifestyle of HIV. Note that some of them are encoded in two or more exons so there will have to be multiple splice events to make the final RNA. Could these be a site for intervention in the replication of the virus? * The establishment that the disease is caused by a virus and therefore the ability to produce antibodies against viral antigens led to the first tests for HIV, the ELIZA and Western blot tests. However, there is a 1 to 2 month time lag before antibodies are produced. This can be overcome by using a test that identifies viral RNA rather than antibodies produced against viral protein e.g PCR. The very fact that we can use an antibody test shows us that there is a good immune response and it is neutralizing antibody which gives hope for a vaccine. But the virus is not completely neutralized which argues that a vaccine may be difficult to develop. The virus goes underground within the cells and because it is a retrovirus, is prone to genetic drift. As it changes it overcomes the immune system. As we shall see retroviral vaccines pose special problems and HIV is more complicated than other retroviruses 原癌基因的分类： 根据原癌基因产物在细胞中的位置，可分为： ●与膜结合的蛋白，如src基因产物； ●可溶性蛋白，如mos基因产物； ●核蛋白，如myc基因产物。 根据原癌基因表达产物的功能，可分为： ●蛋白激酶类，如Src家族（酪氨酸蛋白激酶类） ●生长因子类 ●生长因子受体类 ● GTP结合蛋白类，如Ras家族 ●核蛋白类（DNA结合蛋白），如Myc家族 ●未知功能类 定量模型： v-onc的表达失去控制，导致基因过量表达，过量表达导致肿瘤形成。如mos，sis，myc等。或者它们的表达不被关闭 定性模型： v-onc的蛋白产物性质的改变。如蛋白质的定位、或敏感性等。进而致癌。这些新的性状对细胞具有毁灭性的影响 v-onc为什么是致癌的呢？ 补充 反转录病毒引起原癌基因活化fig9-4 外显子1 2 3 反转录病毒 插入 原癌基因 失控的表达 注意书上p