流体力学与传热 ：1-2 Fluid Flow Phenomena.pptVIP

The eddy viscosity Ev is not just properties of the fluid but depends on the fluid velocity and the geometry of the system. Although Ev is analogous to μ, there is a basic difference between the two kinds of quantities. A viscosity is true properties of the fluid and is the macroscopic result of averaging motions and momenta of myriad molecules. Flow in boundary layers A boundary layer is defined as that part of a moving fluid in which the fluid motion is influenced by the presence of a solid boundary. OL Zx, thickness of boundary layer at distance x; u, local velocity; abc, velocity-versus distance-from-wall curves at points c, c′, c; OL, outer limit of boundary layer Zx a b Z′x a′ u b′ Zx a u c c′ c x x, distance from leading edge; u∞, velocity of undisturbed stream u∞ b Laminar and turbulent flow in boundary layers The velocities close to the solid surface are small. Flow in this part of the boundary layer very near the surface therefore is essentially laminar Actually it is laminar most of time, but occasionally eddies. They can have a large effect on the heat and mass transfer. A turbulent boundary layer is considered to consist of three zones: the viscous sublayer the buffer layer the turbulent zone Onset of turbulence Buffer layer Viscous sublayer Laminar flow in boundary layer Turbulent flow in boundary layer Boundary-layer thickness Distance from leading edge,x Figure Development of turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. Development of turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate is shown in Figure. In some cases the boundary layer may be entirely laminar, but in most cases of engineering interest it is part laminar, part turbulent. Boundary-layer formation in straight tubes Consider a straight tube with fluid entering it at a uniform velocity. As shown in Fig. Boundary layer Figure Development of boundary-layer flow in pipe. A boundary layer begins to form at the entrance to the tube. As the stream moves farther down the tube, the b