材料导论 (10)材料导论材料导论.pdf

Module 2 Area Defects The third type of defects is called area defects. Area defects are two-dimension defects, and they are boundaries that normally separate regions of the materials, these regions have different crystal structures and or orientations. External surfaces, grain boundaries, phase boundaries are all examples of area defects One of the most obvious boundaries is the external surface. Surface atoms are different from those deep in the crystals. Internal atom is fully surrounded by neighboring atoms, however, surface atoms have missing bonds, so, they are in higher energy states than internal atoms. When a solid is used as a catalyst, the catalytic activity depends very much on the surface area per unit mass of the sample.表面是一 种面缺陷，表面配位不饱和，其能量高于晶粒内部，对表面化学活性有很大影响。 例如固体催化剂的催化活性就与其表面积有关。 译文： 第三种缺陷称为面缺陷。面缺陷是二维缺陷，它们通常是指区分材料中具有不同 晶体结构或晶体取向区域间的界限。外表面、晶界、相界都是面缺陷的例子。 最明显的一种面缺陷是晶体外表面。晶体表面原子和其内部原子存在着不同。内 部原子四周被其他原子包围着，而表面原子周围缺少相邻的原子，有缺失的键， 因而其能量高于晶粒内部原子。当固体用作催化剂时，其催化活性就与其表面积 有关。有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 Another area defect is along the grain boundaries. A grain is a single crystal. In a single crystal, the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample. Single crystals are ordinarily difficult to grow because the environment must be carefully controlled. If a crystalline solid consists of a number of grains, such material is called a polycrystalline material. All grains have the same lattice structure, the difference between them is the orientation of that st