材料导论 (7)材料导论.pdf

Module 2 Polymorphism and Allotropy Let’s do one experiment on Tin. This specimen is white tin. We put it in a lab freezer. o The temperature is below 13.2 C. After a long period of time, it crumbled and changed from silvery white metal to a dull-gray powdery material. This phenomenon is called tin pest or tin disease. Why does this happen? Let’s take a look at two terms: polymorphism and allotropy. 译文： 让我们用锡做个试验。这个样品是白锡，我们把它放进实验室冰箱，温度低至 13.2 度以下。长时间后，样品碎裂，由银白色金属变成灰色粉末材料。这种现象 叫做锡疫。为什么会发生这种现象？让我们了解一下两个概念：多态现象和同素 异形体现象。 Polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one crystal structure. When found in elemental solids, this phenomenon is termed allotropy. Over one quarter of the elements are allotropic. For example, Titanium has a HCP structure o at room temperature, which changes to BCC at 877 C. Iron has a BCC structure at o room temperature, which changes to FCC iron at 910 C. 译文： 多态现象是固体材料能以多种晶体结构存在的能力。如果这种现象出现在化学元 素中时就被称为同素异形体。超过四分之一的化学元素有同素异形现象。例如钛 在室温下是密排六方结构，当温度达到877℃时则变成体心立方结构。铁在室温 下是体心立方结构，当温度到达910℃时则变成面心立方。 What are the differences between polymorphism and allotropy? Polymorphism is a more general term, and allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds 译文： 多态现象和同素异形体的区别是什么？多态现象是个更宽泛的概念，而同素异形 体只限于元素，不用于描述化合物。有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 Steel owes its broad use to this allotropic property. Steel is an iron based alloy, containing 0.2-2% carbon. Because of allotropy, steel can be produced from iron. When iron is heated to above 910℃, its structure changes from BCC to FCC, 1 allowing for a much greater absorption of carbon atoms.