材料导论 (8)材料导论材料导材料导论论.pdf

Module 2 Point Defects and Crystal Impurites The crystal lattices we have described so far are idealized, simplified lattices. However, solids are never perfect in their microstructure, such an idealized solid does not exist. Crystalline solids all contain large numbers of various defects or imperfections, ranging from variable amounts of impurities to missing or misplaced atoms or ions. What is a crystalline defect? A crystalline defect refers to anything that disrupts the regular crystalline structure of the solid. 译文： 我们之前讨论过的晶格点阵都是理想化的、简化的点阵。然而固体的微观结构从不 完美，那种完美的固体并不存在。晶体总是存在大量的、各种各样的缺陷，包括不 同含量的杂质，缺失或错位的原子或离子。什么是晶体缺陷？晶体缺陷是指任何破 坏固体晶体结构规则排布的区域。有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 Many of the materials ’ properties are profoundly sensitive to crystal defects; the influence is not always in a bad way. Some imperfections can improve certain properties; others may degrade some properties. Just like Prof. Sir Colin Humphreys, University of Cambridge, said: “Crystals are like people, it is the defects in them which tend to make them interesting!” Defects, even in very small concentrations, can have a dramatic impact on the properties of a material. Defects bring about the Development of Semiconductor industry, Production of High-carbon steel, Toughness Reduction of Ceramics, etc. 译文： 材料的许多性能都对晶体的缺陷非常敏感，但是这种影响并不总是负面的。有些缺 陷可以改善某些特性，有些则会降低一些性能。 就像剑桥大学的Colin Humphreys 教授所说：“ 晶体就像人一样，正是这些缺陷使其 变得有趣。”就算浓度很小的缺陷也可以对材料的性能有显著的影响。缺陷带来了半 导体工业的发展，高碳钢的生产，陶瓷韧性的降低等。 Based on their dimensionality, defects are classified into point defects (which are zero dimension), line