材料导论 (5)材料导论.pdf

Module 2 Unit Cells and Space Lattices In 2.3 section -the Structure of Crystalline Solids, you are going to learn what are unit cell and space lattice, the seven crystal systems, and the significance of allotropy and polymorphism. The study of crystalline structure is called Crystallography. How can these ordered structures be portrayed? Firstly, we need an axis system; secondly, atoms, ions, molecules can be considered as solid spheres of varying sizes; thirdly, these components ’ spatial arrangement can be represented by points at various distances from each other in space. How can we see these crystalline structures? There are many ways. One method is x-ray diffraction. This Figure shows the X-ray diffraction for a single crystal of magnesium. Magnesium has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. The diffraction spot pattern in this Figure reflects the hexagonal type symmetry of the magnesium single crystal. 译文： 在2.3 节晶体结构中，你将学习晶胞和空间点阵、七种晶系以及同素异构和多晶态 的重要性。 研究晶体结构的学科叫结晶学。如何描绘晶体的有序结构呢？首先，需要建立一 个坐标系，其次将原子、离子和分子想象成不同尺寸的实心小球，第三，可以用 在空间中不同距离的点来代替这些组成的空间排布。 我们如何观察晶体的结构呢？有很多种方法，X 光衍射就是其中一种。 这张图展示了单晶镁的X 光衍射图。镁的晶体结构是密排六方，这张图中的衍射 点反映了镁的单晶结构是对称六边形。有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 Since in a crystalline solid, atoms, ions and molecules are arranged in definite and repeating three-dimensional patterns, so, we can draw a structure of the smallest identical units to represent the entire crystal. This basic repeating unit is called a unit cell. The unit cell is the building block of the crystal structure. It is the smallest component of the crystal. When stacked together, the unit cells form the whole crystal. Six Lattice Parameters are used to describe a unit cell. They are three edge lengths a, b, 1 c and three inter-axial angles α, β, and γ. For example, for a cubic unit cell, all sides have the same length and a