工程项目管理课件-工程项目的系统分析.pptVIP

工程项目的系统分析SYSTEM THINKING 一、概述 1、系统的定义 系统是相互联系、相互作用的诸元素的综合体(贝塔朗菲) 。 系统是由相互作用和相互依赖的若干组成部分(要素)结合而成的、具有特定功能的有机整体。 系统必须由两个以上的要素组成 要素与要素之间存在着一定的有机联系 任何系统都有特定的功能 2、系统的基本概念 Elements and subsystems The smallest part of a system is an element. A subsystem is a system that functions as a component of a larger system. When it is unnecessary to understand or reveal its inner workings, a subsystem can simply be thought of as an element. Attributes Systems, subsystems, and elements all have distinguishing characteristics and properties. These attributes describe or express the condition of systems, subsystems and elements in qualitative or quantitative terms. Environment and boundary The term environment is used to refer to anything that lies beyond the decision maker’s control yet influences the behavior or outcome of the system. A system is separated from its environment by a boundary. Objectives Human-made systems are designed to do something. They have objectives that conceived by people. One of the greatest aids for conceptualizing, creating, or investigating a system is to begin with a clear, concise statement of the system objectives. Frequently objectives are broken down into a hierarchy of objectives. System structure Elements and subsystems are linked together by relationships. The form taken by the relationships is referred to as the structure of the system. Most systems, including projects, can be conceptualized as both hierarchical and network systems. Inputs, process, outputs Human-made systems accomplish things by converting inputs into outputs through a well-defined process. The system input that originates from the system itself is called feedback. Open closed systems In contrast to machines, biological and social systems are not closed. They are open systems, which means they interact with the environment and have the capability to adapt to environment as well. Constraints and conflicts Systems have constraints or limitations imposed both from with