材料导论 (12)材料导论.pdf

Video 1-Stress and Strain Here, we will learn module three. Properties of Materials （材料的性质）。The first part is stress and strain (应力和应变) 译文： 在这里，我们将要学习第三章，材料的性质。第一部分是应力和应变。 Stress is defined as a resistance offered by a material. It is a reaction of a material to external force. (应力是材料对外加应力的反作用力反应材料对外加压力或载荷的 抵抗) Stress is calculated by the forces or loads over unit area. 译文： 应力是材料对外界的抵抗。它是材料对外加力的反应。 As shown in the equation, strain is change in size or shape of a material which subjects to external force. Therefore, strain is called unit deformation. 译文： 应变是材料在遭受外界力后产生的单位尺寸或形状上的改变。 When calculate strain and stress, normally people use an easier way to do it as shown in the plot. The obtained values are called engineering stress and engineering strain. Engineering stress is the quotient of average uniaxial tensile force to the original cross-sectional area. It has a unit of Mpa or Psi. Engineering strain is calculated by the change in sample length divided by the original length of the sample. It has a unit of m/m or in/in. 译文： 当计算应变和应力时：通常人们采用一种容易的方法，如图所示。得到的值称为 工程应力和工程应变。工程应力是平均单轴应力和材料初始横截面的商。它的单 位是Mpa 或Psi 。工程应变是材料在应力作用下长度的改变（增长或减小值）和 材料初始长度的商。它的单位是m/m 或者in/in 。有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 You may ask why we say ‘engineering stress and strain’ instead of ‘true stress and strain’. That is because in reality the cross-section of the material tends to shrink during the pulling process or expand during the compression. So, the actual stress should be calculated by dividing force with the true cross-section area ‘Ai ’. And the true strain is calculated by Napierian logarithm li/l0, where li is the final length. 译文： 你可能要问：“为什么称之为工程应力和工程应变，而不是真实应力和真实应变。” 这是因为在实际过程中，材料的横截面在外界拉力或压力的作用下，会减少或增 大。因此，真实应力应该由外力除以最终的横截面积得到。而真实应变应该由自 然对数ln （li/l0 ）计算。其中li 是材料最终的长度。 To measure mechanical properties of a given sample, the sample