病理学教学课件：绪 论.pptVIP

* This is liquefactive necrosis in the brain in a patient who suffered a stroke with focal loss of blood supply to a portion of cerebrum. This type of infarction is marked by loss of neurons and neuroglial cells and the formation of a clear space at the center left. * At high magnification, liquefactive necrosis of the brain demonstrates many macrophages at the right which are cleaning up the necrotic cellular debris. The job description of a macrophage includes janitorial services such as this, particularly when there is lipid. * . The two lung abscesses seen here are examples of liquefactive necrosis in which there is a liquid center in an area of tissue injury. One abscess appears in the upper lobe and one in the lower lobe. Liquefactive necrosis is typical of organs in which the tissues have a lot of lipid (such as brain) or when there is an abscess with lots of acute inflammatory cells whose release of proteolytic enzymes destroys the surrounding tissues. * The liver shows a small abscess here filled with many neutrophils. This abscess is an example of localized liquefactive necrosis. * Fat necrosis is a special form of cell death occurring at two anatomically different locations but morphologically similar lesions. These are : following acute pancreatic necrosis, and traumatic fat necrosis commonly in breasts. * * In either type of gangrene, coagulative necrosis undergoes liquefaction by the action of putrefactive bacteria. * * Clostridia produce various toxins which produce necrosis and oedema locally and are also absorbed producing profound systemic manifestations. * Apoptosis is a Greek word meaning “falling off” or “dropping off”. * FIG 3.17 Necrosis and apoptosis. A, Cell necrosis is identified by homogeneous, esinophilic cytoplasm and nuclear changes of pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis. B, Apoptosis consists of condensation of nuclear chromatin and fragmentation of the cell into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies which are engulfed by macroph